Thymus vulgaris essential oil plus tobramycin within nanostructured archaeolipid carriers: A new approach against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the respiratory tract of patients with an excessive inflammatory context are difficult to eradicate. New medicines that simultaneously target biofilms and inflammation should be developed. Hypothesis: Co-delivery of Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EOT) and tobramycin (TB) by nanostructured archaeolipids carriers (NAC) could support nebulization as well as improve EOT and TB antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activity. Methods: NAC((EOT+TB)) were prepared by loading EOT and TB in NAC having a compritol and miglyol core, covered with a shell of archaeolipids, extracted from the hyperhalophylic archaebacteria Halorubrum tebenquichense, and Tween 80. NAC((EOT+TB)) were structurally characterized, including DSC thermograms, Raman spectra, TB release profile, EOT volatilization and in vitro antioxidant activity. In addition, stability upon nebulization, autoclaving and storage were assessed. The antibiofilm activity on P. aeruginosa PAO1 established biofilm of NAC((EOT+TB)) and the cytotoxicity on human lung epithelial cells and macrophage were determined, as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytokines release on LPS stimulated cells. Results: NAC((EOT+TB)) showed a size of 197 +/- 16 nm with PdI of 0.3 +/- 0.1 and zeta Potential of -38 +/- 3 mV. Structural characterization suggested that EOT was trapped in the compritol-miglyol core and TB was distributed between the surface of nanoparticles and free in solution. NAC((EOT+TB)) displayed a dual release profile of TB, a delayed release of EOT and improved EOTs in vitro antioxidant activity. While NAC((EOT+TB)) preserved its structural features after nebulization, autoclaving and 18 months of storage, carriers without archaeolipids gelled at room temperature and showed a significant increase of size after the same storage time. Below cytotoxic concentration, NAC((EOT+TB)) decreased bacteria viability and enhanced the disruption of established PAO1 biofilms compared to free TB and EOT. Also, the strong entrapment of EOT in NAC((EOT+TB)) delayed its volatilization, decreased intracellular ROS production and maintained its anti-inflammatory activity in LPS stimulated cells. Conclusion: Combination of EOT + TB within NAC((EOT+TB)) result in a stable and nebulizable formulation that enhanced the antioxidant and anti-biofilm activity of free ingredients, improved their ability to decrease intracellular ROS and provided anti-inflammatory activity, at non-cytotoxic concentrations on eukaryotic cells.

Automated summary

In this study, a stable and nebulizable formulation was developed by incorporating Thymus vulgaris essential oil and tobramycin into nanostructured archaeolipids carriers. The formulation showed antioxidant and anti-biofilm activity, decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species production, and provided anti-inflammatory effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations on eukaryotic cells.