Eliminating Race-Based Medicine

Letter Urology & Nephrology

Estimation of Black-White Disparities in CKD Outcomes: Comparison Using the 2021 Versus the 2009 CKD-EPI Creatinine Equations

Guofen Yan et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2022)

Article Critical Care Medicine

Reconsidering the Utility of Race-Specific Lung Function Prediction Equations

Aaron D. Baugh et al.

Summary: This study found that using race-specific approaches for estimating lung function may underestimate the severity of COPD in African American individuals.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Clinical Impact of the Refit CKD-EPI 2021 Creatinine-Based eGFR Equation

Jeffrey W. Meeusen et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the impact of adopting a new eGFR equation without race on CKD patients. The results showed that the new equation had different effects on bias among Black and non-Black patients, but there were no significant differences in P30 and concordance between the two racial groups.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

The Intellectual Roots Of Current Knowledge On Racism And Health: Relevance To Policy And The National Equity Discourse

Ruth Enid Zambrana et al.

Summary: Research on racism and health has progressed in recent decades, highlighting the importance of social determinants of health, life-course approaches, structural racism, and other upstream factors in driving health inequities. However, there is discomfort in public health and medical circles regarding racism research, including opposition to using racial terminology. National reports on racial and ethnic inequities in health have also given limited attention to the role of racism. It is crucial to recognize the central role of racism in the national discourse on racial inequities in health and promote paradigm shifts to address the roots of racism and health inequities.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Systemic And Structural Racism: Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, And Approaches To Dismantling

Paula A. Braveman et al.

Summary: Racism can manifest in both conscious and unconscious ways, and it can be seen as both a systemic and structural issue. Systemic and structural racism is deeply embedded within systems, laws, policies, and practices that perpetuate unfair treatment and oppression of people of color, leading to negative health consequences. Addressing these forms of racism requires coordinated efforts across multiple sectors and locations, with the crucial first step being the recognition of their existence.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Improving The Measurement Of Structural Racism To Achieve Antiracist Health Policy

Rachel R. Hardeman et al.

Summary: Antiracist health policy research requires innovative methods to create equitable and antiracist solutions for health inequities. However, there is a disconnect between the conceptualization and measurement of structural racism in the public health literature. This article highlights the importance of methodological approaches that can validly measure structural racism for achieving health equity.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Structural Racism In Historical And Modern US Health Care Policy

Ruqaiijah Yearby et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the existing health inequities faced by racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. These groups have suffered disproportionately from infections and deaths caused by COVID-19, yet they still lack equal access to healthcare and vaccines. This is largely due to structural racism in US healthcare policy, which favors the White population and disadvantages racial and ethnic minority populations. This article provides a historical context and detailed account of modern structural racism in healthcare policy, focusing on its impact on healthcare coverage, financing, and quality.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2022)

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Letter Clinical Neurology

Reader Response: Race-Ethnic Disparities in Rates of Declination of Thrombolysis for Stroke

Karan Patel et al.

NEUROLOGY (2022)

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Article Pediatrics

Addressing Child Health Equity Through Clinical Decision-Making

Jeffrey P. Yaeger et al.

PEDIATRICS (2022)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

A Unifying Approach for GFR Estimation: Recommendations of the NKF-ASN Task Force on Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Disease

Cynthia Delgado et al.

Summary: The National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology have made recommendations regarding the consideration of race in GFR estimation. They suggest implementing the CKD-EPI creatinine equation without the race variable in all US laboratories and promoting the use of cystatin C for more accurate estimation. They also encourage research on new filtration markers and interventions to eliminate racial disparities. The unified approach should be adopted nationwide.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2022)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Addressing Race in Pulmonary Function Testing by Aligning Intent and Evidence With Practice and Perception

Nirav R. Bhakta et al.

Summary: The practice of using race or ethnicity in medicine to explain differences between individuals is being questioned due to its potential contribution to biased medical care, research, and perpetuation of health disparities and structural racism. This article focuses on the interpretation of pulmonary function test (PFT) results and highlights the need to examine the perspectives of practicing pulmonologists and physiologists. It discusses the limitations of current PFT measurement and interpretation practices and proposes changes in interpretation strategies and future research to address health disparities.

CHEST (2022)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

Achieving equity through science and integrity: dismantling race-based medicine

Joseph L. Wright et al.

PEDIATRIC RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Negative Patient Descriptors: Documenting Racial Bias In The Electronic Health Record

Michael Sun et al.

Summary: This study used machine learning to analyze electronic health records and found that Black patients had a higher likelihood of negative descriptors compared to White patients. These findings raise concerns about stigmatizing language in medical records and its contribution to racial healthcare disparities.

HEALTH AFFAIRS (2022)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Race Correction and Spirometry Why History Matters

Lundy Braun

Summary: This essay explores the history of racialization of the spirometer in pulmonary medicine, focusing on how race correction became normative and how researchers explained differences between races. Over the past two centuries, the concept of innate racial differences has hardened, with few questioning the conceptual underpinnings of race correction in medicine.

CHEST (2021)

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Article Obstetrics & Gynecology

Prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in term gestations: a calculator without race and ethnicity

William A. Grobman et al.

Summary: This study successfully developed an accurate tool to predict the probability of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery early in pregnancy without including race or ethnicity variables. Factors such as maternal age, prepregnancy weight, indication for previous cesarean delivery, obstetrical history, and chronic hypertension were found to be significantly associated with vaginal birth after cesarean delivery in the prediction model. The model demonstrated good calibration and had a similar area under the receiver operating characteristic curve compared to the previous model that included race and ethnicity.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY (2021)

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Article Ethics

Race Based Medicine, Colorblind Disease: How Racism in Medicine Harms Us All

Ruqaiijah Yearby

Summary: Although the genome between socially constructed racial groups is highly identical, race continues to be used as a biological reality in ways that perpetuate racism. To address this issue, race should only be considered in medicine when explicitly linked to racism or efforts to enhance diversity and inclusion.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Anthropological genetics perspectives on the transatlantic slave trade

Cesar Fortes-Lima et al.

Summary: During the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, around twelve million Africans were enslaved and forcibly moved to the Americas and Europe, influencing the genetic and cultural landscape of humanity since the 15th century. Population geneticists have investigated the genetic diversity of populations on both sides of the Atlantic, shedding light on the genetic origins and admixture histories of enslaved-African descendant communities in the Americas over the past 500 years.

HUMAN MOLECULAR GENETICS (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Race and Genetic Ancestry in Medicine - A Time for Reckoning with Racism

Debra Malina

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

In Search of a Better Equation - Performance and Equity in Estimates of Kidney Function

James A. Diao et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

How Structural Racism Works - Racist Policies as a Root Cause of US Racial Health Inequities

Zinzi D. Bailey et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Misrepresenting Race - The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias

Christina B. A. Amutah et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Critical Care Medicine

Could routine race-adjustment of spirometers exacerbate racial disparities in COVID-19 recovery? Comment

Meredith A. Anderson et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Pediatrics

Racial/Ethnic Differences in ED Opioid Prescriptions for Long Bone Fractures: Trends Over Time

Monika K. Goyal et al.

PEDIATRICS (2021)

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Editorial Material Urology & Nephrology

Race and the Estimation of GFR: Getting It Right

Harold I. Feldman et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES (2021)

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Article Urology & Nephrology

Reassessing the Inclusion of Race in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases: An Interim Report from the NKF-ASN Task Force

Cynthia Delgado et al.

Summary: This article discusses the controversy surrounding the inclusion of race in the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations, and its impact in the United States. It also evaluates several methods for estimating GFR and provides recommendations for future steps in addressing this issue.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Education, Scientific Disciplines

The racist one drop rule influencing science: it is time to stop teaching race corrections in medicine

Heidi L. Lujan et al.

Summary: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key index of renal function, traditionally assessed through the clearance of inulin. Estimated GFR based on creatinine and cystatin may be less accurate than measured GFR values. Race is a social construct, not a genetic or biological category, and there is no scientific method for classifying individuals as black or white.

ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Racial Inequality in Prescription Opioid Receipt - Role of Individual Health Systems

Nancy E. Morden et al.

Summary: This study analyzed data from 2016 and 2017 on filled opioid prescriptions for disabled Medicare beneficiaries to compare differences between Black and White patients within the same health systems. The findings showed a 36% lower mean annual opioid dose for Black patients compared to White patients. In 75% of the 310 health systems studied, the mean annual dose was at least 15% higher for White patients than Black patients.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

AAP Perspective: Race-Based Medicine

Lee Savio Beers et al.

PEDIATRICS (2021)

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Article Pediatrics

Trauma-Informed Care in Child Health Systems

James Duffee et al.

Summary: Recent research highlights the need for organized strategies to intervene with children, adolescents, and families at risk, while trauma-informed care in child health care combines biological evidence of toxic stress with insights on attachment and resilience to improve health care delivery and mitigate trauma effects.

PEDIATRICS (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Racial Discrimination, Inflammation, and Chronic Illness Among African American Women at Midlife: Support for the Weathering Perspective

Ronald L. Simons et al.

Summary: This study tests the weathering hypothesis by using chronic inflammation as an indicator of biological weathering, finding that persistent exposure to racial discrimination predicts elevated inflammation and diagnosed chronic illness. The results support the idea that race, like SES, is a fundamental cause of health inequalities.

JOURNAL OF RACIAL AND ETHNIC HEALTH DISPARITIES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Long-Term Programming of CD8 T Cell Immunity by Perinatal Exposure to Glucocorticoids

Jun Young Hong et al.

CELL (2020)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

The Case for Removing Race From the American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for Urinary Tract Infection in Infants and Young Children With Fever

Rachel H. Kowalsky et al.

JAMA PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

Implicit Bias in Pediatrics: An Emerging Focus in Health Equity Research

Jean L. Raphael et al.

PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Article Pediatrics

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Emergency Department Pain Management of Children With Fractures

Monika K. Goyal et al.

PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas

Steven J. Micheletti et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Diagnosing and Treating Systemic Racism

Michele K. Evans et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

Intersection of Bias, Structural Racism, and Social Determinants With Health Care Inequities

Tiffani J. Johnson

PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Article Pediatrics

Race, Postoperative Complications, and Death in Apparently Healthy Children

Olubukola O. Nafiu et al.

PEDIATRICS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

From race-based to race-conscious medicine: how anti-racist uprisings call us to act

Jessica P Cerdeña et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

Racism as a public health issue APS racism series: at the intersection of equity, science, and social justice

Joseph L. Wright et al.

PEDIATRIC RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Physician-patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns

Brad N. Greenwood et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

Understanding the Interplay Between Health Disparities and Epigenomics

Viviana J. Mancilla et al.

FRONTIERS IN GENETICS (2020)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Call to Action: Structural Racism as a Fundamental Driver of Health Disparities: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association

Keith Churchwell et al.

CIRCULATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Reconsidering the Consequences of Using Race to Estimate Kidney Function

Nwamaka Denise Eneanya et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2019)

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Article Pediatrics

The Impact of Racism on Child and Adolescent Health

Maria Trent et al.

PEDIATRICS (2019)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pregnancy-Related Deaths - United States, 2007-2016

Emily E. Petersen et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2019)

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Editorial Material Education, Scientific Disciplines

Science reflects history as society influences science: brief history of race, race correction, and the spirometer

Heidi L. Lujan et al.

ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Implications of Revised Pooled Cohort Equations for Estimating Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Steve Yadlowsky et al.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Transmitting Trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health

N. J. Heard-Garris et al.

SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE (2018)

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Editorial Material Pediatrics

Structuring Research to Address Discrimination as a Factor in Child and Adolescent Health

Nia Heard-Garris et al.

JAMA PEDIATRICS (2018)

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Article Pediatrics

Racial and Ethnic Differences in Antibiotic Use for Viral Illness in Emergency Departments

Monika K. Goyal et al.

PEDIATRICS (2017)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Spirometry Reference Equations from the HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos)

Lisa LaVange et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2017)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites

Kelly M. Hoffman et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2016)

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Article Genetics & Heredity

The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States

Katarzyna Bryc et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS (2015)

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Article Pediatrics

Racial Disparities in Pain Management of Children With Appendicitis in Emergency Departments

Monika K. Goyal et al.

JAMA PEDIATRICS (2015)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

David C. Goff et al.

CIRCULATION (2014)

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Article Neurosciences

Parental olfactory experience influences behavior and neural structure in subsequent generations

Brian G. Dias et al.

NATURE NEUROSCIENCE (2014)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

Is race medically relevant? A qualitative study of physicians' attitudes about the role of race in treatment decision-making

Shedra Amy Snipes et al.

BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH (2011)

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Article Pediatrics

Urinary Tract Infection: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Children 2 to 24 Months

Kenneth B. Roberts et al.

PEDIATRICS (2011)

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Review Genetics & Heredity

Stress and the epigenetic landscape: a link to the pathobiology of human diseases?

Sarah E. Johnstone et al.

NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS (2010)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Genetic Ancestry in Lung-Function Predictions

Rajesh Kumar et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2010)

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Editorial Material Obstetrics & Gynecology

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: New Insights March 8-10, 2010

[Anonymous]

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY (2010)

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Article Pediatrics

Policy Statement-Health Equity and Children's Rights

Deise C. Granado-Villar et al.

PEDIATRICS (2010)

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Article Obstetrics & Gynecology

Ethnic disparity in the success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery

Amie L. Hollard et al.

JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE (2006)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Weathering and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States

AT Geronimus et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (2006)

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Article Humanities, Multidisciplinary

The one drop rule & the one hate rule

David A. Hollinger

DAEDALUS (2005)

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Review Health Care Sciences & Services

Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century

L Braun

JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND ALLIED SCIENCES (2005)

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Review Psychology, Multidisciplinary

Race as biology is. fiction, racism as a social problem is real - Anthropological and historical perspectives on the social construction of race

A Smedley et al.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST (2005)

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Review Anthropology

Rethinking pelvic typologies and the human birth mechanism

D Walrath

CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY (2003)

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Eliminating Race-Based Medicine

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