First observations and early life-history aspects of lake rearing galaxiid larvae in the lower Waikato River Basin, New Zealand

Larval behaviour for many of New Zealand's diadromous freshwater fish is inadequately described. Diadromy for many amphidromous species is not obligatory however, and where conditions are suitable, freshwater larval rearing may be facilitated. Where this occurs in lakes, opportunities to document the composition and conditions supporting larval rearing exist. Boat trawling was undertaken across nine lowland lakes in the Lower Waikato over four consecutive winters with a focus on larval galaxiids. Galaxiid larvae were captured in surface water habitats in all but one lake, with banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus) and giant kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) the most common species detected. One lake, Lake Waahi, consistently resulted in the most galaxiid captures for effort expended. Analyses of larvae from this and other lakes indicated that two sizes predominated in catches and that larger, older larvae were predominantly G. fasciatus while smaller, younger larvae were predominantly G. argenteus. Stomach contents indicated that two non-native zooplankton species predominated in the diet of larvae, the Holarctic daphnia, Daphnia galeata, and the Australian calanoid copepod Boeckella symmetrica. This study provides new information regarding the timing, movement and predicted recruitment of native fish species in this river basin that has important implications for lake and river management.

Automated summary

This study investigated the larval behavior and composition of diadromous freshwater fish in nine lowland lakes in the Lower Waikato region of New Zealand. The findings revealed that banded kokopu and giant kokopu were the most common species, with Lake Waahi consistently having the highest number of galaxiid captures. Analysis of larvae from Lake Waahi and other lakes showed that larger, older larvae were predominantly banded kokopu, while smaller, younger larvae were predominantly giant kokopu. The study also found that non-native zooplankton species, such as Daphnia galeata and Boeckella symmetrica, were the main components of the larvae's diet.