Left-right symmetry of zebrafish embryos requires somite surface tension

The body axis of vertebrate embryos is periodically segmented into bilaterally symmetric pairs of somites(1,2). The anteroposterior length of somites, their position and left-right symmetry are thought to be molecularly determined before somite morphogenesis(3,4). Here we show that, in zebrafish embryos, initial somite anteroposterior lengths and positions are imprecise and, consequently, many somite pairs form left-right asymmetrically. Notably, these imprecisions are not left unchecked and we find that anteroposterior lengths adjust within an hour after somite formation, thereby increasing morphological symmetry. We find that anteroposterior length adjustments result entirely from changes in somite shape without change in somite volume, with changes in anteroposterior length being compensated by corresponding changes in mediolateral length. The anteroposterior adjustment mechanism is facilitated by somite surface tension, which we show by comparing in vivo experiments and in vitro single-somite explant cultures using a mechanical model. Length adjustment is inhibited by perturbation of molecules involved in surface tension, such as integrin and fibronectin. By contrast, the adjustment mechanism is unaffected by perturbations to the segmentation clock, therefore revealing a distinct process that influences morphological segment lengths. We propose that tissue surface tension provides a general mechanism to adjust shapes and ensure precision and symmetry of tissues in developing embryos.

Automated summary

The body axis of vertebrate embryos is segmented into bilaterally symmetric pairs of somites. In zebrafish embryos, the initial lengths and positions of somites are imprecise, leading to left-right asymmetry. However, these asymmetries are adjusted within an hour after somite formation through changes in somite shape, increasing morphological symmetry. This adjustment mechanism is facilitated by somite surface tension and is not affected by perturbations to the segmentation clock.