Response Surface Optimisation of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on Borosilicate Glass and Stainless Steel (SS316) to Increase Hydrophobicity

Particle deposition on the surface of a drying chamber is the main drawback in the spray drying process, reducing product recovery and affecting the quality of the product. In view of this, the potential application of chemical surface modification to produce a hydrophobic surface that reduces the powder adhesion (biofouling) on the wall of the drying chamber is investigated in this study. A hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) solution was used in the vertical dipping method at room temperature to determine the optimum coating parameters on borosilicate glass and stainless steel substrates, which were used to mimic the wall surface of the drying chamber, to achieve highly hydrophobic surfaces. A single-factor experiment was used to define the range of the PDMS concentration and treatment duration using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was used to study the effects of the concentration of the PDMS solution (X-1, %) and the treatment duration (X-2, h) on the contact angle of the substrates (degrees), which reflected the hydrophobicity of the surface. A three-dimensional response surface was constructed to examine the influence of the PDMS concentration and treatment duration on contact angle readings, which serve as an indicator of the surface's hydrophobic characteristics. Based on the optimisation study, the PDMS coating for the borosilicate glass achieved an optimum contact angle of 99.33 degrees through the combination of a PDMS concentration of X-1 = 1% (w/v) and treatment time of X-2 = 4.94 h, while the PDMS coating for the stainless steel substrate achieved an optimum contact angle of 98.31 degrees with a PDMS concentration of X-1 = 1% (w/v) and treatment time of X-2 = 1 h. Additionally, the infrared spectra identified several new peaks that appeared on the PDMS-treated surfaces, which represented the presence of Si-O-Si, Si-CH3, CH2, and CH3 functional groups for the substrates coated with PDMS. Furthermore, the surface morphology analysis using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed the presence of significant roughness and a uniform nanostructure on the surface of the PDMS-treated substrates, which indicates the reduction in wettability and the potential effect of unwanted biofouling on the spray drying chamber. The application of PDMS and PTFE on the optimally coated substrates successfully reduced the amount of full cream milk particles that adhered to the surface. The low surface energy of the treated surface (19-27 mJ/m(2)) and the slightly higher surface tension of the full cream milk (54-59 mJ/m(2)) resulted in a high contact angle (102-103 degrees) and reduced the adhesion work on the treated substrates (41-46 mJ/m(2)) as compared to the native substrates.

Automated summary

This study investigates the potential application of chemical surface modification to reduce particle adhesion during the spray drying process. By optimizing the coating parameters, highly hydrophobic surfaces were achieved on borosilicate glass and stainless steel substrates that mimic the wall surface of the drying chamber. The results show that the hydrophobic coatings effectively reduce the adhesion of particles, and the surface analysis confirms the presence of desired chemical groups and surface structures.