Investigating the use of machine learning to generate ventilation images from CT scans

Background Radiotherapy treatment planning incorporating ventilation imaging can reduce the incidence of radiation-induced lung injury. The gold-standard of ventilation imaging, using nuclear medicine, has limitations with respect to availability and cost. Purpose An alternative type of ventilation imaging to nuclear medicine uses 4DCT (or breath-hold CT [BHCT] pair) with deformable image registration (DIR) and a ventilation metric to produce a CT ventilation image (CTVI). The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of machine learning as an alternative to DIR-based methods when producing CTVIs. Methods A patient dataset of 15 inhale and exhale BHCTs and Galligas PET ventilation images were used to train and test a 2D U-Net style convolutional neural network. The neural network established relationships between axial input BHCT image pairs and axial labeled Galligas PET images and was evaluated using eightfold cross-validation. Once trained, the neural network could produce a CTVI from an input BHCT image pair. The CTVIs produced by the neural network were qualitatively assessed visually and quantitatively compared to a Galligas PET ventilation image using a Spearman correlation and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). The DSC measured the spatial overlap between three segmented equal lung volumes by ventilation (high, medium, and low functioning lung [LFL]). Results The mean Spearman correlation between the CTVIs and the Galligas PET ventilation images was 0.58 +/- 0.14. The mean DSC over high, medium, and LFL between the CTVIs and Galligas PET ventilation images was 0.55 +/- 0.06. Visually, a systematic overprediction of ventilation within the lung was observed in the CTVIs with respect to the Galligas PET ventilation images, with jagged regions of ventilation in the sagittal and coronal planes. Conclusions A convolutional neural network was developed that could produce a CTVI from a BHCT image pair, which was then compared with a Galligas PET ventilation image. The performance of this machine learning method was comparable to previous benchmark studies investigating a DIR-based CTVI, warranting future development, and investigation of applying machine learning to a CTVI.

Automated summary

This study investigates the application of machine learning as an alternative method to produce CT ventilation images (CTVI) using a convolutional neural network. The results demonstrate that the performance of this machine learning method in producing CTVI is comparable to the gold-standard Galligas PET ventilation images, but there are visual differences in terms of overprediction of lung ventilation and jagged ventilation regions in CTVI.