Surface-Functionalized Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor Used for the Detection of Exosomes in Patients

Owing to their stability in bodily fluids, exosomes have attracted increased attention as colorectal cancer (CRC) biomarkers for early diagnosis. To validate the potential of the plasma exosomes as a novel biomarker for the monitoring of CRC, we demonstrated a terahertz (THz) metamaterials (MMs) biosensor for the detection of exosomes in this work. The biosensor with two resonant frequencies is designed using full wave electromagnetic simulation software based on the finite integration time domain (FITD) method and fabricated by a surface micromachining process. The biosensor surface is first modified using Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), and then, anti-KRAS and anti-CD147, which are specific to the exosomes, are modified on the AuNPs assembled with HS-poly(ethylene glycol)-COOH (HS-PEG-COOH). Exosomes used in the experiment are extracted via the instructions in the exosomes isolation and purification kit and identified by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blot (WB), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The biosensor covered with plasma-derived exosomes of CRC patients has a different resonance frequency shift compared to that with healthy-control-derived exosomes. This study proposes an emerging and quick method for diagnosing the CRC.

Automated summary

This study demonstrates a terahertz metamaterials biosensor for the detection of exosomes, validating the potential of plasma exosomes as novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. The biosensor with different resonance frequency shifts when coated with plasma-derived exosomes from CRC patients compared to those from healthy controls.