Electrochemical properties of CuO hollow nanopowders prepared from formless Cu-C composite via nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion process

Hollow CuO nanopowders are prepared using a simple spray drying process that relied on nanoscale Kirkendall diffusion; these nanopowders have potential applications in lithium-ion batteries. Citric acid is used as both the carbon source material and chelating agent and plays a key role in the preparation of the hollow nanopowders. The formless Cu-C composite that formed as an intermediate product transforms into slightly aggregated CuO hollow nanopowders after post-treatment at 300 and 400 degrees C under an air atmosphere. The CuO hollow nanopowders exhibit higher initial discharge capacities and better cycling performances than those of the filled-structured CuO nanopowders, which are prepared at a post-treatment temperature of 500 degrees C under an air atmosphere. The discharge capacities of the CuO nanopowders post-treated at 300, 400, and 500 degrees C for the 150th cycle at a current density of 1 A g(-1) are 793, 632, and 464 mA h g (1), respectively, and their capacity retentions calculated from the maximum discharge capacities are 88, 80, and 73%, respectively. The CuO nanopowders with hollow structures exhibit better structural stability for repeated lithium insertion and desertion processes than those with filled structures. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.