Journal
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY
Volume 283, Issue 6, Pages 783-804Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21469
Keywords
adventitious budding; exomural budding; frontal budding; hypostegal pore; polymorphic autozooids
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Funding
- University of Otago Doctoral Scholarship
- Royal Society of New Zealand's Rutherford Fellowship [16-UOO-001]
- Ministry of Business and Innovation's Endeavor Fund [C05X1605/GNS-MBIE00056]
- University of Otago's ORG research grants program
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This study used micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the zooidal budding in Horneridae from the initial bud. The results revealed two distinct budding modes, frontal autozooids budding from a multizooidal lamina and lateral autozooids budding from discrete abfrontal budding loci by exomural budding. These two budding modes integrate during primary branch morphogenesis, forming bilaminate branches. The findings provide insights for the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cancellata.
Horneridae (Cyclostomatida: Cancellata) is a family of marine bryozoans that forms tree-like colonies bearing functionally unilaminate branches. Colony development in this clade is not well understood. We used micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy to trace zooidal budding in Hornera from the ancestrula onwards. Results show that hornerid branches are constructed by dual zooidal budding modes occurring synchronously at two separate budding sites at the growing tips. Frontal autozooids bud from a multizooidal budding lamina. Lateral autozooids bud from discrete abfrontal budding loci by exomural budding, a previously undescribed form of frontal budding centered on hypostegal pores in interzooidal grooves on the colonial body wall. These two budding modes are integrated during primary branch morphogenesis, forming composite, developmentally bilaminate, branches. Patterns of exomural budding vary among hornerid taxa, and future studies of Cancellata taxonomy and phylogeny may benefit from morphological concepts presented here.
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