Journal
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Volume 426, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128116
Keywords
Betel quid; Areca nut-specific alkaloids; Tobacco-specific alkaloids; Saliva; Transformation
Categories
Funding
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan [MOST 110-2628-B-040-003, MOST 106-2314-B-040-015-MY3, MOST 110-2628-B-040-002]
- DBT Overseas Associateship from the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India [BT/20/NE/2011]
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Combining areca nut and tobacco increases the risk of oral cancer, and saliva is a better diagnostic material. This study used LC-MS/MS to quantify five areca nut-specific alkaloids and three tobacco-specific alkaloids in human saliva. The distribution of ASAs in the oral cavity is affected by the hydrolysis and metabolic activity, and oral mucosa rather than saliva contributes to the metabolism of ASAs.
Areca nut and tobacco are frequently used in combination. Cigarette smoking and betel quid (BQ) chewing habits impose greater oral cancer risk than either habit alone. Saliva is a better noninvasive diagnostic material as it is in direct contact with oral mucosa and cancerous lesions. This study describes the application of isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS for simultaneous quantitation of five areca nut-specific alkaloids (ASAs) and three tobacco-specific alkaloids (TSAs) in human saliva. With this method, we demonstrate that the distribution of ASAs vary signif-icantly in smokers who chew BQ habitually, due to the hydrolysis of ASAs and metabolic activity in the oral cavity. The alkaline condition formed due to slaked lime in BQ, plays an important role in the distribution of ASAs and TSAs, by catalyzing the hydrolysis of ester forms of ASAs to their respective carboxylic acid forms besides facilitating the TSA (i.e., nicotine) absorption in the oral cavity. Moreover, our results reveal that oral mucosa rather than saliva contributes to the metabolism of ASAs at oral cavity. Less than 2.1% of ASAs were metabolized by saliva, as determined by in vitro test. Our findings may provide a better insight into the pathobiology of oral carcinogenesis due to BQ chewing.
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