Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders in Autoimmune Addison Disease

Context Autoimmune thyroid disease is the most common endocrine comorbidity in autoimmune Addison disease (AAD), but detailed investigations of prevalence and clinical course are lacking. Objective This work aimed to provide comprehensive epidemiological and clinical data on autoimmune thyroid disorders in AAD. Methods A nationwide registry-based study including 442 patients with AAD and autoimmune thyroid disease were identified through the Norwegian National Registry of Autoimmune Diseases. Results Of 912 registered AAD patients, 442 (48%) were diagnosed with autoimmune thyroid disease. A total of 380 (42%) had autoimmune hypothyroidism. Of the 203 with available thyroid function tests at time of diagnosis, 20% had overt hypothyroidism, 73% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 7% had thyroid levels in the normal range. Negative thyroid peroxidase antibodies was found in 32%. Ninety-eight percent were treated with levothyroxine, 5% with combination therapy with liothyronine or thyroid extracts, and 1% were observed without treatment. Seventy-eight patients (9%) were diagnosed with Graves disease (GD), of whom 16 (21%) were diagnosed with autoimmune hypothyroidism either before onset or after remission of GD. At the end of follow-up, 33% had normal thyroid hormone levels without antithyroid-drugs or levothyroxine treatment. The remaining had either active disease (5%), had undergone ablative treatment (41%), or had developed autoimmune hypothyroidism (21%). Conclusion The true prevalence of hypothyroidism in AAD is lower than reported in the current literature. Careful consideration of the indication to start thyroxin therapy is warranted. Long-term remission rates in GD patients with AAD are comparable to recent reports on long-term follow-up of patients without AAD.

Automated summary

Autoimmune thyroid disease is a common comorbidity in autoimmune Addison disease (AAD). This study found that 48% of AAD patients had autoimmune thyroid disease, with 42% having autoimmune hypothyroidism. Among the patients diagnosed with autoimmune hypothyroidism, 20% had overt hypothyroidism, 73% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 7% had normal thyroid function. A significant percentage of patients had negative thyroid peroxidase antibodies. The majority of patients were treated with levothyroxine, while a small percentage received combination therapy or no treatment.