The Power of Touch: Type 4 Pili, the von Willebrand A Domain, and Surface Sensing by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Most microbes in the biosphere are attached to surfaces, where they experience mechanical forces due to hydrodynamic flow and cell-to-substratum interactions. These forces likely serve as mechanical cues that influence bacterial physiology and eventually drive environmental adaptation and fitness. Mechanosensors are cellular components capable of sensing a mechanical input and serve as part of a larger system for sensing and transducing mechanical signals. Two cellular components in bacteria that have emerged as candidate mechanosensors are the type IV pili (TFP) and the flagellum. Current models posit that bacteria transmit and convert TFP- and/or flagellum-dependent mechanical force inputs into biochemical signals, including cAMP and c-di-GMP, to drive surface adaptation. Here, we discuss the impact of force-induced changes on the structure and function of two eukaryotic proteins, titin and the human von Willebrand factor (vWF), and these proteins' relevance to bacteria. Given the wealth of understanding about these eukaryotic mechanosensors, we can use them as a framework to understand the effect of force on Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the early stages of biofilm formation, with a particular emphasis on TFP and the documented surface-sensing mechanosensors PilY1 and FimH. We also discuss the importance of disulfide bonds in mediating force-induced conformational changes, which may modulate mechanosensing and downstream biochemical signaling. We conclude by sharing our perspective on the state of the field and what we deem exciting frontiers in studying bacterial mechanosensing to better understand the mechanisms whereby bacteria transition from a planktonic to a biofilm lifestyle.

Automated summary

Most bacteria that attach to surfaces use mechanical forces to drive adaptation and fitness. Type IV pili (TFP) and flagellum are candidate mechanosensors in bacteria that convert mechanical force inputs into biochemical signals for surface adaptation. Understanding the impact of force-induced changes on eukaryotic proteins can provide insights into bacterial mechanosensing mechanisms.