Functional bacterial cultures for dairy applications: Towards improving safety, quality, nutritional and health benefit aspects

Traditionally, fermentation was used to preserve the shelf life of food. Currently, in addition to favouring food preservation, well standardized and controlled industrial processes are also aimed at improving the functional characteristics of the final product. In this regard, starter cultures have become an essential cornerstone of food production. The selection of robust microorganisms, well adapted to the food environment, has been followed by the development of microbial consortia that provide some functional characteristics, beyond their acidifying capacity, achieving safer, high-quality foods with improved nutritional and health-promoting properties. In addition to starters, adjunct cultures and probiotics, which normally do not have a relevant role in fermentation, are added to the food in order to provide some beneficial characteristics. This review focuses on highlighting the functional characteristics of food starters, as well as adjunct and probiotic cultures (mainly lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria), with a specific focus on the synthesis of metabolites for preservation and safety aspects (e.g. bacteriocins), organoleptic properties (e.g. exopolysaccharides), nutritional (e.g. vitamins) and health improvement (e.g. neuroactive molecules). Literature reporting the application of these functional cultures in the manufacture of foods, mainly those related to dairy production, such as cheeses and fermented milks, has also been updated.

Automated summary

Fermentation has traditionally been used for food preservation, but modern industrial processes aim to improve the functional characteristics of the final product. Starter cultures, adjunct cultures, and probiotics play essential roles in achieving high-quality foods with improved nutritional and health-promoting properties. This review focuses on the functional characteristics of these cultures, including their synthesis of metabolites for preservation and safety, their impact on organoleptic properties, and their contributions to nutrition and health improvement.