Journal
JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 150, Issue 1, Pages 1-11Publisher
MOSBY-ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.002
Keywords
Mucosal vaccines; sterile immunity; barriers to mucosal immunization; innate lymphoid cells; tissue resident memory cells; respiratory infections
Categories
Funding
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center
- [N01 AI090031]
- [R21 AI155944]
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Recent events have brought attention to vaccination strategies amidst the global coronavirus pandemic. Mucosal immunization, although lagging in implementation, offers several advantages such as localized infection protection and induction of long-term immunity. This review highlights the potential benefits of mucosal immunity, explores barriers to its implementation, examines immune mechanisms, and discusses recent developments in mucosal vaccination.
Recent events involving the global coronavirus pandemic have focused attention on vaccination strategies. Although tremendous advances have been made in subcutaneous and intramuscular vaccines during this time, one area that has lagged in implementation is mucosal immunization. Mucosal immunization provides several potential advantages over subcutaneous and intramuscular routes, including protection from localized infection at the site of entry, clearance of organisms on mucosal surfaces, induction of long-term immunity through establishment of central and tissue-resident memory cells, and the ability to shape regulatory responses. Despite these advantages, significant barriers remain to achieving effective mucosal immunization. The epithelium itself provides many obstacles to immunization, and the activation of immune recognition and effector pathways that leads to mucosal immunity has been difficult to achieve. This review will highlight the potential advantages of mucosal immunity, define the barriers to mucosal immunization, examine the immune mechanisms that need to be activated on mucosal surfaces, and finally address recent developments in methods for mucosal vaccination that have shown promise in generating immunity on mucosal surfaces in human trials.
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