A tumor lysate is an effective vaccine antigen for the stimulation of CD4+ T-cell function and subsequent induction of antitumor immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells

To develop a potent cancer vaccine, it is important to study how to prepare highly immunogenic antigens and to identify the most appropriate adjuvants for the antigens. Here we show that a tumor lysate works as an effective antigen to prime CD4(+) T-cell help when baculovirus is employed as an adjuvant. When immunized intradermally with the combination (BLP) of baculovirus, a CT26 tumor lysate, and a cytotoxic T-cell epitope peptide before a tumor challenge, 60% of mice rejected tumors. In contrast, all mice vaccinated with baculovirus plus a tumor lysate (BL) developed tumors. In addition, flow cytometry showed that tumor-specific, interferon -producing CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were robustly activated by intradermal immunization with BLP. When BLP was administered therapeutically to tumor-bearing mice, antitumor efficacy was better compared to BL. The established tumor was completely eradicated in 50-60% of BLP-treated mice, and induction of tumor-specific CTLs was observed, suggesting that the antitumor efficacy of BLP is mediated by CD8(+) T cells. Numerous CD4(+) T cells infiltrated the tumors of BLP-treated mice, whereas the antitumor effect of BLP almost disappeared after removal of the tumor lysate from BLP or after depletion of BLP-immunized mice of CD4(+) T cells. Thus, the combination of a peptide, lysate, and baculovirus provides stronger antitumor immunity than does a peptide plus baculovirus or a lysate plus baculovirus; effectiveness of BLP is determined by functioning of CD4(+) T cells stimulated with a tumor lysate.