Kafirin Protein Based Electrospun Fibers with Tunable Mechanical Property, Wettability, and Release Profile

Kafirin (KAF), the prolamine protein from sorghum grain, is a promising resource for fabricating renewable and biodegradable materials. However, research efforts in fulfilling its potentials are still lacking. In this work, electrospun kafirin fibers from acetic acid/dichloromethane solutions are reported for the first time. Biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) was blended with kafirin to obtain hybrid KAF/PCL fiber mats with desirable physical properties. Hydrogen bonding between the N-H group of kafirin and the C=O group of PCL was detected in each blended formulation. Our small-angle X-ray scattering results indicated that the long spacing decreased and the average spacing between crystalline lamellae of PCL increased with the increase of kafirin content. Compared to the hydrophobic surface of neat PCL fiber mat, KAF/PCL fiber mats under most of the blend ratios showed hydrophilic surface character, and the swelling property was composition-dependent. The fiber mats evolved from brittle ones to flexible ones with the increase of relative content of PCL. The most desirable mechanical performance was obtained at a kafirin/PCL mass blend ratio of 1:2. To simulate the nutraceutical release in body fluid, carnosic acid (CA) was selected as a nutraceutical model, and release behaviors in selected KAF/PCL fiber mats were found to be diffusion controlled. Whereas the amorphous region of kafirin dominated the release rate, PCL functioned as a hydrophobic skeleton to maintain the 3D scaffold of the fiber matrix. The fabricated KAF/PCL fiber mats open up new applications of underutilized cereal protein in nutraceutical delivery.