Spatiotemporally varied extreme precipitation events simultaneously controlled by multiple circulation factors in China's Loess Plateau

The intensive and frequent extreme precipitation events (EPE) greatly contribute to the severe soil loss in China's Loess Plateau, and it is thus essential to understand how and why EPE varies with space and time. Particularly, the combined influence of multiple factors on EPE has rarely been explored. This study analysed the spatiotemporal variability of EPE for 1961-2017 after defining six indices for intensity, frequency, and duration of EPE (R5d, SDII, R90t, R90n, CDD, CWD). We employed 12 atmospheric circulation factors to determine their combined effects on EPE on different time scales over time by the multiple wavelet coherence. The EPE indices spatially varied with obvious southeast-northwest gradients. Averaged across the whole plateau, SDII, R90t, and R90n increased insignificantly, while R5d, CDD, and CWD decreased insignificantly. In addition, the change trend had spatial variations with most wet EPE indices increasing in the north and the southernmost areas and decreasing in the middle-south areas. SDII, R90t, and R90n at 68%, 66%, and 53% of stations tended to increase, respectively, and R5d, CDD, and CWD decreased at 66%, 70%, and 77% of stations, respectively. The temperature had a greater correlation with the duration of EPE in summer and on the intensity and frequency of EPE in winter. El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific North American teleconnection pattern (PNA), ENSO-Arctic Oscillation (AO), and ENSO-AO-PNA were found to be the main factors influencing EPE individually or simultaneously. This study provides technical support for the identification of combined effects of multiple factors, and the results are helpful for regional environmental management. Specific to the Loess Plateau, the identified individual or multiple factors can be used to project future changes in EPE, and the more frequent and intensive EPE in some regions may increase the difficulty in future soil loss control.

Automated summary

This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variability of extreme precipitation events (EPE) in China's Loess Plateau and explored the combined effects of multiple factors on EPE. The results showed evident spatial gradients in EPE indices, with wet EPE increasing in the north and the southernmost areas and decreasing in the middle-south areas. Temperature had a greater correlation with the duration of EPE in summer and the intensity and frequency of EPE in winter. The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific North American teleconnection pattern (PNA), ENSO-Arctic Oscillation (AO), and ENSO-AO-PNA were identified as the main factors influencing EPE.