Journal
INFECTION
Volume 50, Issue 5, Pages 1165-1170Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01784-0
Keywords
LCS; Long COVID; Post-COVID syndrome; SARS-CoV-2; BMI; Diabetes
Categories
Funding
- European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program through the ERC Consolidator Grant [771083]
- German Cancer Aid [Deutsche Krebshilfe 110043]
- German-Research-Foundation [SFBTRR57/P06, LU 1360/3-1, CRC1380/A01, CA 830/3-1]
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Metabolic disorders and obesity are risk factors for long COVID syndrome (LCS). Additionally, age, gender, asthma, depression, and cancer are also associated with the development of LCS.
Purpose Metabolic disorders have been identified as major risk factors for severe acute courses of COVID-19. With decreasing numbers of infections in many countries, the long COVID syndrome (LCS) represents the next major challenge in pandemic management, warranting the precise definition of risk factors for LCS development. Methods We identified 50,402 COVID-19 patients in the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) featuring data from 1056 general practices in Germany. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for the development of LCS. Results Of the 50,402 COVID-19 patients included into this analysis, 1,708 (3.4%) were diagnosed with LCS. In a multivariate regression analysis, we identified lipid metabolism disorders (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.28-1.65, p < 0.001) and obesity (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08-1.44, p = 0.003) as strong risk factors for the development of LCS. Besides these metabolic factors, patients' age between 46 and 60 years (compared to age <= 30, (OR 1.81 95% CI 1.54-2.13, p < 0.001), female sex (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.20-1.47, p < 0.001) as well as pre-existing asthma (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.39-2.00, p < 0.001) and depression (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.47, p = < 0.002) in women, and cancer (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.09-1.95, p = < 0.012) in men were associated with an increased likelihood of developing LCS. Conclusion Lipid metabolism disorders and obesity represent age-independent risk factors for the development of LCS, suggesting that metabolic alterations determine the risk for unfavorable disease courses along all phases of COVID-19.
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