Journal
INFECTION
Volume 50, Issue 6, Pages 1475-1481Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01817-8
Keywords
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Antibody-mediated immunity; SARS-CoV-2-vaccination; Avidity; Surrogate neutralization
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Funding
- Bavarian Ministry of Science and Art
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The immune response to COVID-19 vaccination differs between naive vaccinees and those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative serological differences in these two distinct immunological subgroups in response to vaccination are currently not well studied.
Background The immune response to COVID-19-vaccination differs between naive vaccinees and those who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative serological differences in these two distinct immunological subgroups in response to vaccination are currently not well studied. Methods We investigate a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-naive and COVID-19-convalescent individuals immediately after vaccination and 6 months later. We use different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) variants and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) to measure IgG serum titers, IgA serum reactivity, IgG serum avidity and neutralization capacity by ACE2 receptor competition. Results Anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody titers decline over time in dually vaccinated COVID-19 naives whereas titers in single dose vaccinated COVID-19 convalescents are higher and more durable. Similarly, antibody avidity is considerably higher among boosted COVID-19 convalescent subjects as compared to dually vaccinated COVID-19-naive subjects. Furthermore, sera from boosted convalescents inhibited the binding of spike-protein to ACE2 more efficiently than sera from dually vaccinated COVID-19-naive subjects. Conclusions Long-term humoral immunity differs substantially between dually vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naive and COVID-19-convalescent individuals. Booster vaccination after COVID-19 induces a more durable humoral immune response in terms of magnitude and quality as compared to two-dose vaccination in a SARS-CoV-2-naive background.
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