Journal
FUEL
Volume 315, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122815
Keywords
Double-site acidic ionic liquid; Heterogeneous catalyst; Biodiesel; Fatty acid; Esterification
Categories
Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province [2019 J05127]
- Educa-tional Research Project of Young and Middle-aged Teacher of Fujian Province [JAT191093]
- China Scholarship Council [201908350057]
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Two double-site acidic ionic liquids were synthesized and one of them showed excellent catalytic performance and recyclability in esterification reactions. Under optimized conditions, this ionic liquid achieved a conversion rate of 98.65% for oleic acid and maintained high catalytic activity for 9 cycles.
In this work, two double-site acidic ionic liquids were synthesized by a two-step method via the reaction of 1,2bis(diphenylphosphino) ethane (DPhPE) with 1,3-propanesulfonate (PS) to form a DPhPE-PS zwitterion followed by acidification with different acids. The obtained ionic liquids were characterized and further used as catalyst for the esterification of various free fatty acids with methanol to produce biodiesel. The suitable self-solidifying double-site acidic ionic liquid [DPhPE-PS][HSO4](2) is homogeneous catalytic due to its solubility during the esterification, which is precipitated after reaction. The evaporation of the residual methanol and generated water combines the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, including their excellent catalytic activity and convenient recovery. [DPhPE-PS][HSO4](2) exhibits 98.65% of oleic acid conversion under operating appropriate conditions optimized by response surface methodology (catalyst dosage of 6.0 wt%, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 10.0:1, reaction temperature of 60.0 C, and reaction time of 4.0 h) and keeps outstanding catalytic performance after 9 cycles. Moreover, [DPhPE-PS][HSO4](2) also displays excellent catalytic activity and good versatility in the esterification of various free fatty acids to biodiesel. Hence, the self-solidifying double-site acidic ionic liquid [DPhPE-PS][HSO4](2) can be used as an environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel via esterification.
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