Journal
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION
Volume 61, Issue 6, Pages 2979-2991Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02863-6
Keywords
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; Infant formula; Neurodevelopment; Birth cohort
Categories
Funding
- ANR grant [ANR-19-CE36-0008]
- French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED)
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM)
- French blood transfusion service (Etablissement francais du sang)
- Sante publique France
- National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE)
- Direction generale de la sante (DGS, part of the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs)
- Direction generale de la prevention des risques (DGPR, Ministry for the Environment)
- Direction de la recherche, des etudes, de l'evaluation et des statistiques (DREES, Ministry of Health and Social Affairs)
- Departement des etudes, de la prospective et des statistiques (DEPS, Ministry of Culture)
- Ministry of Higher Education and Research
- Institut national de la jeunesse et de l'education populaire (INJEP)
- National Research Agency under the Investissements d'avenir programme [ANR-11-EQPX-0038, ANR-19-COHO-0001]
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) [ANR-19-COHO-0001] Funding Source: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)
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This study examined the association between the enrichment of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in infant formula and neurodevelopment up to the age of 3.5 years. The results showed no significant correlation between LC-PUFA enrichment and neurodevelopmental scores in children aged 1 to 3.5 years.
Purpose For decades, consistent associations between breastfeeding and children's neurodevelopment have been attributed to breastmilk content in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). However, the beneficial effect of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula on neurodevelopment remains controversial. This study examined the association of LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formulas with neurodevelopment up to age 3.5 years. Methods Analyses were based on 9372 children from the French nationwide ELFE birth cohort. Monthly from 2 to 10 months, parents declared their infant's feeding mode, including breastfeeding and the name of the infant formula, which allowed for identifying formulas enriched in arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 1 and 3.5 years with the Child Development Inventory (CDI-1 and CDI-3.5); at 2 years with the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-2); and at 3.5 years with the Picture Similarities subtest of the British Ability Scale (BAS-3.5). Associations were assessed by linear regression adjusted for any breastfeeding duration and main confounding factors, including socioeconomic characteristics. Results One-third of formula-fed infants consumed LC-PUFA-enriched formulas. Most of these formulas were enriched in both DHA and ARA, and about 10% of infants consumed formula further enriched in EPA. LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores at age 1 (CDI-1, - 0.16 [- 0.39, 0.07]), age 2 (MB-2, 0.78 [- 0.33, 1.89]), or age 3.5 (CDI-3.5, - 0.05 [- 0.27, 0.17]; BAS-3.5, - 0.93 [- 2.85, 0.98]). Conclusion In the ELFE study, LC-PUFA enrichment of infant formula was not associated with neurodevelopmental scores up to 3.5 years.
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