Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 56, Issue 12, Pages 8245-8254Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02002
Keywords
disinfection byproducts; cytotoxicity; chlorine burn; drinking water; total organic halogen
Categories
Funding
- Guangxi Medical University Training Program for the Distinguished Young Scholars grant
- National Science Foundation [CBET 1705206, 1706862]
- Directorate For Engineering
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys [1706862] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water is significant during chlorine burns, with some DBPs reaching high concentrations. The impact of chlorine burns on cytotoxicity varies.
Nitrification and biofilm growth within distribution systems remain major issues for drinking water treatment plants utilizing chloramine disinfection. Many chloraminated plants periodically switch to chlorine disinfection for several weeks to mitigate these issues, known as chlorine burns. The evaluation of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during chlorine burns beyond regulated DBPs is scarce. Here, we quantified an extensive suite of 80 regulated and emerging, unregulated DBPs from 10 DBP classes in drinking water from two U.S. drinking water plants during chlorine burn and chloramination treatments. Total organic halogen (TOX), including total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine, was also quantified, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of whole water mixtures was assessed in chlorine burn waters for the first time. TOX and most DBPs increased in concentration during chlorine burns, and one emerging DBP, trichloroacetaldehyde, reached 99 mu g/L. THMs and HAAs reached concentrations of 249 and 271 mu g/L, respectively. Two highly cytotoxic nitrogenous DBP classes, haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles, increased during chlorine burns, reaching up to 14.2 and 19.3 mu g/L, respectively. Cytotoxicity did not always increase from chloramine treatment to chlorine burn, but a 100% increase in cytotoxicity was observed for one plant. These data highlight that consumer DBP exposure during chlorine burns can be substantial.
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