Journal
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Volume 56, Issue 12, Pages 7810-7819Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07045
Keywords
soil gas concentrations; polyethylene passive samplers; polyethylene-air partition coefficients; VOCs; BTEX; chlorinated solvents; standard operating procedures
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Funding
- ENI S.p.A (MIT Energy Initiative)
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The feasibility of using low-density polyethylene (PE) sheets as equilibrium passive soil gas samplers to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unsaturated subsurface environments was evaluated. The results showed that PE-based measurements can accurately determine VOC concentrations and overcome the problem of overestimating vapor phase concentrations compared to other methods.
The use of low-density polyethylene (PE) sheets as equilibrium passive soil gas samplers to quantify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, and chlorinated solvents (e.g., trichloroethene and tetrachloroethene) in unsaturated subsurface environments was evaluated via modeling and benchtop testing. Two methods were devised to quantify such VOCs in PE. Key chemical properties, including PE-water (K-PEw) and PE-air (K-PEa) partition coefficients and diffusivities in the PE (D-pe), were determined. These K-PEw, K-PEa, and D-pe values were consistent with extrapolations of data based on larger compounds. Using these parameter values, field equilibration times of less than 1 day were estimated for such VOCs when using 70-100 mu m thick PE sheets. Further, benchtop batch tests carried out in jars filled with VOC-contaminated soils, after 1 or 2 days, showed concentrations in soil air deduced from PE that were consistent with concentrations deduced by analyzing either water or headspace gases recovered from the same tests. Thus, PE-based measurements may overcome inaccuracies from using total soil concentrations and equilibrium partitioning models that may overestimate vapor phase concentrations up to 2 orders of magnitude.
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