Polyamines: Involvement in Cellular Signaling and Plant Adaptation to the Effect of Abiotic Stressors

Polyamines (PA) are aliphatic amines found in all cells, including plant cells. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are the most common PA in higher plants. PA are localized in cell walls, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the nucleus. Under adverse conditions, the content of PA in plant tissues increases significantly. These compounds are considered to be typical stress metabolites. They are involved in the stabilization of biomacromolecules and membrane structures. At the same time, in recent years, the functions of PA under stress conditions are considered in the context of their involvement in the processes of cellular signaling. The review presents current information on the synthesis and catabolism of PA. The processes of formation of hydrogen peroxide, which acts as one of the key signaling molecules, from PA are considered. A possible synthesis of nitric oxide during the oxidative degradation of PA is discussed. The information about the effect of PA on calcium homeostasis of plant cells and involvement of PA in the regulation of ionic (including calcium) channels are provided. A gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide is considered as one of the mediators in the implementation of the effects of PA. The work summarizes information about the role of PA in the maintenance of redox balance in plant cells, their involvement in the regulation of the expression of stress protein genes, the state of the stomatal apparatus, and other processes related to the adaptation to adverse environmental factors.

Automated summary

Polyamines (PA) are stress metabolites found in all cells, playing roles in cellular signaling, oxidative balance, and ion channel regulation under adverse conditions.