Journal
CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY
Volume 29, Issue 33, Pages 5370-5396Publisher
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220430131018
Keywords
Inflammation; gut microbiota; chronic diseases; COVID-19; dietary habits; unhealthy lifestyle; vitamin D
Funding
- ECCO
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Chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (CSLGI) is a long-term condition that causes damage to organs and tissues and is a major risk factor for chronic diseases. Currently, there is a high global incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases, often related to changes in lifestyle. Lifestyle factors such as diet, stress, smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and indoor living and working have an impact on the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in CSLGI.
Inflammation is a physiological, beneficial, and auto-limiting response of the host to alarming stimuli. Conversely, a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation (CSLGI), known as a long-time persisting condition, causes damage to the organs and host tissues, representing a major risk for chronic diseases. Currently, a high global incidence of chronic inflammatory diseases is observed, often linked to the lifestyle-related changes that occurred in the last decade. The main lifestyle-related factors are proinflammatory diet, psychological stress, tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, physical inactivity, and indoor living and working with its related consequences such as indoor pollution, artificial light exposure, and low vitamin D production. Recent scientific evidence found that gut microbiota (GM) has a main role in shaping the host's health, particularly as CSLGI mediator. Based on the lastest discoveries regarding the remarkable GM activity, in this manuscript we focus on the elements of actual lifestyle that influence the composition and function of the intestinal microbial community in order to elicit the CSLGI and its correlated pathologies. In this scenario, we provide a broad review of the interplay between modern lifestyle, GM, and CSLGI with a special focus on the COVID symptoms and emerging long-COVID syndrome.
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