Journal
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Volume 328, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127090
Keywords
XRD; mu-XRF; Sprayed concrete; Sulfur; Leaching; Chloride
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The in-service condition of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete installed more than 20 years ago in the Nordkapp subsea road tunnel was investigated. This study compared shotcrete with water-glass and alkali-free activators in a saline groundwater environment. It was found that the lowest shotcrete density was obtained at joints between two adjacent layers, and ettringite enrichment was observed in these joints when alkali-free accelerator was used. Leaching was identified as the main degradation mechanism in the outermost 10-15 cm towards the traffic room.
The in-service condition of steel fiber-reinforced shotcrete installed more than 20 years ago as single-shell rock support lining in the Nordkapp subsea road tunnel was investigated. The novelty of this study is the comparison of shotcrete with water-glass and alkali-free activators in a saline groundwater environment. The lowest shotcrete density was obtained at joints between two adjacent shotcrete layers. In the case of alkali-free accelerator, ettringite enrichment was observed in these joints. Leaching appeared to be the main degradation mechanism in the outermost 10-15 cm towards the traffic room.
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