Journal
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Volume 36, Issue 5, Pages -Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13930
Keywords
belowground; Europe; Germany; nature conservation; protected areas; soil biodiversity; soil ecosystem functioning; soil policy
Funding
- iDiv by the German Research Foundation [DFG FZT 118, 202548816]
- FCT [PTDC/BIA-CBI/2340/2020]
- ERC [694368]
- Projekt DEAL
- UFZ
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [PTDC/BIA-CBI/2340/2020] Funding Source: FCT
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Soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions are neglected in biodiversity assessments and conservation actions, especially in Europe. Current nature conservation measures have not shown positive effects on soil ecosystem functioning. German conservation management only considers limited aspects of soils.
Soil biodiversity and related ecosystem functions are neglected in most biodiversity assessments and nature conservation actions. We examined how society, and particularly policy makers, have addressed these factors worldwide with a focus on Europe and explored the role of soils in nature conservation in Germany as an example. We reviewed past and current global and European policies, compared soil ecosystem functioning in-and outside protected areas, and examined the role of soils in nature conservation management via text analyses. Protection and conservation of soil biodiversity and soil ecosystem functioning have been insufficient. Soil-related policies are unenforceable and lack soil biodiversity conservation goals, focusing instead on other environmental objectives. We found no evidence of positive effects of current nature conservation measures in multiple soil ecosystem functions in Europe. In German conservation management, soils are considered only from a limited perspective (e.g., as physicochemical part of the environment and as habitat for aboveground organisms). By exploring policy, evidence, and management as it relates to soil ecosystems, we suggest an integrative perspective to move nature conservation toward targeting soil ecosystems directly (e.g., by setting baselines, monitoring soil threats, and establishing a soil indicator system).
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