Changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding proteins in yearling rainbow trout during spring under natural and manipulated photoperiods and their relationships with gill Na+, K+-ATPase and body size

Smoltification in salmonids occurs during spring in response to increasing photoperiod to prepare for marine life. Smoltification is associated with increased hypo-osmoregulatory ability and enhanced growth potential, mediated by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Rainbow trout is uniquely insensitive to the induction of smoltification-associated changes by photoperiod, such as the activation of gill Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA). We measured the circulating IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2b levels in yearling rainbow trout exposed to natural and manipulated photoperiods during spring and correlated these with gill NKA activity and body size. Although the effect of photoperiod manipulation on body size and circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-2b was negligible, they were positively correlated with gill NKA activity in fish under simulated natural photoperiod. We next pit-tagged yearling rainbow trout and fed them a restricted ration or to satiation under a natural photo period. In April, gill NKA activity was higher in the satiation group than in the restricted group and positively correlated with body size and growth rate. In addition, circulating IGFBP-2b was positively correlated with gill NKA, size and growth, whereas circulating IGF-1 was correlated only with size and growth. The relationship between circulating IGF-1 and growth intensified from May to June, suggesting that the IGF-1-growth relationship was disrupted in April when gill NKA was activated. Two additional IGFBPs were related to growth parameters but not to gill NKA activity. The present study suggests that circulating IGFBP-2b and IGF-1 mediate the size-dependent activation of gill NKA in yearling rainbow trout during spring.

Automated summary

The process of smoltification in salmonids, such as rainbow trout, occurs during spring in response to increasing photoperiod to prepare for marine life. This process is associated with increased hypo-osmoregulatory ability and enhanced growth potential, mediated by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. However, rainbow trout is unique in its insensitivity to photoperiod-induced smoltification-associated changes. This study found that circulating IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2b levels were positively correlated with gill Na+,K+-ATPase (NKA) activity in rainbow trout exposed to natural photoperiod. The study also found that the size-dependent activation of gill NKA in yearling rainbow trout during spring is mediated by circulating IGFBP-2b and IGF-1.