Comparative analysis of storage modules under different dispatch strategies for an optimum decentralized hybrid energy solution: a case study of a remote Indian village

India has a large poor population in spite of having a steady economic growth. Supply of centralized grid power to remote villages of India is not feasible due to adverse topography and poor economic condition of the villagers. To supply the reliable power at a minimum cost including penalty due to carbon dioxide emission, a suitable decentralized energy combination using locally available resources may be a better sustainable solution. The economy of such a hybrid energy supply system significantly depends on storage devices and dispatch strategies. Therefore, selection of appropriate storage devices and dispatch strategy need to be optimized based on available local resources. In this study, the comparative analysis of techno-economic factors for five different storage devices (lead acid battery, lithium-ion battery, vanadium redox battery, zinc bromide battery and pumped hydro energy storage) are studied under two different dispatch strategies, i.e., Load Following and Cycle Charging. The estimated cost of energy and net present cost of the recommended optimum combined energy system are in the range of US$0.197/kWh-US$0.453/kWh and US$3,62,384-US$5,76,369, respectively. The cost of energy, net present cost and carbon dioxide emission for the selected energy generators combination with the zinc bromide battery is 48.964-56.512%, 24.149-32.147% and 43.419-55.865% lower than other storage-based energy systems, respectively. The abovementioned economic and environmental factors are lower by 34.113, 10.489 and 31.094%, respectively, under Load Following dispatch strategy with respect to the Cycle Charging dispatch strategy for the optimum energy combination with zinc bromide battery. [GRAPHICS] .

Automated summary

India, with a large poor population, faces challenges in supplying centralized grid power to remote villages due to adverse topography and poor economic conditions. A decentralized energy combination using locally available resources proves to be a more sustainable solution. The cost and environmental impact of storage devices and dispatch strategies play a significant role in the economy of such a hybrid system. This study analyzes the techno-economic factors of five storage devices and their dispatch strategies, highlighting the benefits of zinc bromide batteries.