Bisphenol A and its analogues in paired urine and house dust from South China and implications for children's exposure

Following the restriction of bisphenol A (BPA) in certain products, a number of bisphenol analogues (BPs) have been used as BPA replacements in different applications, raising environmental and health concerns. The present study determined a total of 13 bisphenol analogues in house dust and children urine from South China families (n = 46). Among all BPs, BPA, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) were frequently detected in house dust, with concentrations ranging from 0.54 to 26.2 mu g/g (median: 2.60 mu g/g), 0.07-11.5 mu g/g (median: 0.32 mu g/g) and 0.02-2.4 mu g/g (median: 0.29 mu g/g), respectively. BPA (median: 2.43 ng/mL) was also the dominant BP in children urine samples, accounting for 75.2 +/- 27.4% of the total concentrations of urinary BPs, followed by BPS (0.23 ng/mL), whereas BPF was only detected in less than 30% of urine samples. Children's daily intake of bisphenols through dust ingestion and total daily intakes were estimated based on the dust and urine concentrations, respectively. The estimated intake of BPA, BPS and BPF via house dust ingestion accounted for 9%, 12% and 38% of the total intakes predicted based on urinary concentrations, respectively, and exhibited very low exposure risks.

Automated summary

This study investigated the levels of bisphenol analogues in house dust and children's urine from South China families. It found that bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and bisphenol F were commonly detected in house dust, while bisphenol A was the dominant analogue in children's urine. Estimated daily intakes of bisphenol analogues through dust ingestion and urine were calculated, showing very low exposure risks.