Aquatic photolysis of 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol-the toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol

2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP) is a toxic nitrated byproduct of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) commonly found in agriculturally impacted waters (e.g., paddy waters). DCNP has both genotoxicity and developmental toxicity and can cause endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic species. Herein, we investigated the photolysis of DCNP under UV254 irradiation in aqueous solutions. Results show that the anionic form of DCNP (DCNP-) is more photoreactive than the neutral form (DCNP0) due to its higher molar absorption coefficient and quantum yield. The presence of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) inhibits the direct photolysis of DCNP through light screening. A series of photoproducts were identified by solid phase extraction (SPE) and high resolution-mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis. The photolysis of DCNP generates several photoproducts, including photoreduction, photonucleophilic substitution, photoionization, and dimerization intermediates. The primary photochemical mechanisms include photoionization from the singlet state and heterolytic C-Cl bond splitting in the triplet state. This contribution may shed some light on the photochemical transformation and fate of DCNP in UV-based engineering systems or natural sunlit surface waters.

Automated summary

This study investigated the photolysis of 2,4-Dichloro-6-nitrophenol (DCNP) in aqueous solutions and found that the anionic form of DCNP is more photoreactive. Several photoproducts were identified, and the primary photochemical mechanisms were discussed. These findings provide insights into the transformation and fate of DCNP in UV-based engineering systems or natural sunlit surface waters.