Synthesis of weakly crystallized hydroxyapatite with Zn substitution and its effect on the calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate cements

Zn is an essential trace element in the normal growth and loading Zn into biomaterials for biomedical applications has always been a hot topic due to its immune regulation. The preparation and characterization of Znsubstituted weakly crystallized hydroxyapatite (WCH) are studied in this work, and Zn-substituted WCH was added to calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate cements (CPC and CSC) to address the effect of Zn2+ on the hydration crystallization behavior of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate. Our results demonstrate that Zn2+ will inhibit the transformation of alpha-TCP to HA during the hydration reaction of CPC. And the adding of Zn2+ in CSC changed the crystallization morphology of calcium sulfate. The regulation of Zn on the crystallization behavior of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate resulted in the different in vitro degradation behaviors of CPC and CSC. With the purpose of improving the biological effects of materials, the polarization of Zn2+ released from cements on macrophages was also characterized in this work, and the results showed that appropriate concentrations of Zn2+ can inhibit inflammation after stimulating RAW264.7 cells for an appropriate period of time. The presented results may be useful guidelines for the preparation and design of composite bone cement with specific Zn content.

Automated summary

This study investigates the importance of Zn as an essential trace element in biomedical applications and the research progress of incorporating Zn into biomaterials, exploring the effects of Zn2+ on the hydration crystallization behavior of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate cements. Furthermore, in vitro experiments show the regulatory effect of Zn on cell inflammation.