Transcription factor networks in trophoblast development

The placenta sustains embryonic development and is critical for a successful pregnancy outcome. It provides the site of exchange between the mother and the embryo, has immunological functions and is a vital endocrine organ. To perform these diverse roles, the placenta comprises highly specialized trophoblast cell types, including syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast. The coordinated actions of transcription factors (TFs) regulate their emergence during development, subsequent specialization, and identity. These TFs integrate diverse signaling cues, form TF networks, associate with chromatin remodeling and modifying factors, and collectively determine the cell type-specific characteristics. Here, we summarize the general properties of TFs, provide an overview of TFs involved in the development and function of the human trophoblast, and address similarities and differences to their murine orthologs. In addition, we discuss how the recent establishment of human in vitro models combined with -omics approaches propel our knowledge and transform the human trophoblast field.

Automated summary

The placenta is crucial for the development of the embryo and the success of pregnancy. It serves as a site for exchange between the mother and the embryo, has immune functions, and acts as an important endocrine organ. Specialized trophoblast cell types, including syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast, are responsible for these diverse functions of the placenta. Transcription factors play a vital role in regulating the emergence, specialization, and identity of these cells, and their coordinated actions determine the specific characteristics of each cell type. This article provides an overview of transcription factors involved in the development and function of human trophoblast and discusses their similarities and differences to their counterparts in mice. The establishment of human in vitro models combined with -omics approaches has greatly advanced our understanding of the human trophoblast field.