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Intracellular mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases at the host-virus interphase

Journal

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES
Volume 79, Issue 6, Pages -

Publisher

SPRINGER BASEL AG
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04290-6

Keywords

ADP-ribosylation; Alphavirus; Chikungunya virus; Coronavirus; Macrodomain; MARylation; Hydrolase; Interferon; PARP; Pattern recognition receptors; Signaling

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The innate immune system can sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns and produce interferons to defend against viral infection. Mono-ADP-ribosylation, catalyzed by mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, plays a critical role in viral replication and the host-virus interaction.
The innate immune system, the primary defense mechanism of higher organisms against pathogens including viruses, senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In response to PAMPs, interferons (IFNs) are produced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infection. In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced. Their products disseminate the antiviral response. Among the ISGs conserved in many species are those encoding mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mono-ARTs). This prompts the question whether, and if so how, mono-ADP-ribosylation affects viral propagation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. Support for mono-ADP-ribosylation in virus-host interaction stems from the findings that some viruses encode mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases, which antagonize cellular mono-ARTs. We summarize and discuss the evidence linking mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes relevant to catalyze this reversible modification with the innate immune response as part of the arms race between host and viruses.

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