Phages and their satellites encode hotspots of antiviral systems

Bacteria carry diverse genetic systems to defend against viral infection, some of which are found within prophages where they inhibit competing viruses. Phage satellites pose additional pressures on phages by hijacking key viral elements to their own benefit. Here, we show that E. coli P2-like phages and their parasitic P4-like satellites carry hotspots of genetic variation containing reservoirs of anti-phage systems. We validate the activity of diverse systems and describe PARIS, an abortive infection system triggered by a phage-encoded anti-restriction protein. Antiviral hotspots participate in inter-viral competition and shape dynamics between the bacterial host, P2-like phages, and P4-like satellites. Notably, the anti-phage activity of satellites can benefit the helper phage during competition with virulent phages, turning a parasitic relationship into a mutualistic one. Anti-phage hotspots are present across distant species and constitute a substantial source of systems that participate in the competition between mobile genetic elements.

Automated summary

Bacteria have various genetic systems to defend against viral infection, including those within prophages. Phage satellites pose additional pressures on phages by hijacking viral elements. This study found that E. coli P2-like phages and their P4-like satellites carry genetic hotspots with anti-phage systems. These hotspots participate in inter-viral competition and shape dynamics between the bacterial host, P2-like phages, and P4-like satellites. Importantly, the anti-phage activity of satellites can benefit the helper phage during competition, turning a parasitic relationship into a mutualistic one.