4.5 Review

The cure from within? a review of the microbiome and diet in melanoma

Journal

CANCER AND METASTASIS REVIEWS
Volume 41, Issue 2, Pages 261-280

Publisher

SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10029-3

Keywords

Microbiome; Immunotherapy; Checkpoint inhibitors; Metastatic melanoma; Cutaneous melanoma

Categories

Funding

  1. National Institutes of Health [R01 AI13723]
  2. Department of Defense [W81XWH-18-1-0738]
  3. Melanoma Research Alliance [571135]
  4. American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant [IRG16-187-13]
  5. American Cancer Society
  6. T32 Training Program for Interdisciplinary Cancer Research IDCR [T32CA009054]

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Therapy for cutaneous melanoma is closely related to the immune system. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed to treat metastatic melanoma, only half of tumors respond to this treatment. Therefore, exploring the associations between gut microbiome and immune health, as well as the impact of diet on melanoma development, is crucial for improving the success rate of immunotherapy.
Therapy for cutaneous melanoma, the deadliest of the skin cancers, is inextricably linked to the immune system. Once thought impossible, cures for metastatic melanoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed within the last decade and now occur regularly in the clinic. Unfortunately, half of tumors do not respond to checkpoint inhibitors and efforts to further exploit the immune system are needed. Tantalizing associations with immune health and gut microbiome composition suggest we can improve the success rate of immunotherapy. The gut contains over half of the immune cells in our bodies and increasingly, evidence is linking the immune system within our gut to melanoma development and treatment. In this review, we discuss the importance the skin and gut microbiome may play in the development of melanoma. We examine the differences in the microbial populations which inhabit the gut of those who develop melanoma and subsequently respond to immunotherapeutics. We discuss the role of dietary intake on the development and treatment of melanoma. And finally, we review the landscape of published and registered clinical trials therapeutically targeting the microbiome in melanoma through dietary supplements, fecal microbiota transplant, and microbial supplementation.

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