Unraveling the development behind unisexual flowers in Cylindropuntia wolfii (Cactaceae)

Background In certain unisexual flowers, non-functional sexual organs remain vestigial and unisexuality can be overlooked leading to the ambiguous description of the sexual systems. Therefore, to accurately describe the sexual system, detailed morphological and developmental analyses along with experimental crosses must be performed. Cylindropuntia wolfii is a rare cactus endemic to the Sonoran Desert in southern California and northern Baja California that was described as gynodioecious by morphological analysis. The aims of our project include accurately identifying the sexual system of C. wolfii using histological and functional studies and characterizing the developmental mechanisms that underlie its floral development. Methods Histological analyses were carried out on different stages of C. wolfii flowers and controlled crosses were performed in the field. Result Our results identified C. wolfii to be functionally dioecious. The ovule and anther development differed between staminate and pistillate flowers. In vivo pollen germination tests showed that the pollen of staminate and pistillate flowers were viable and the stigma and style of both staminate and pistillate flowers were receptive. This suggests that there are no genetic or developmental barriers in the earlier stages of pollen recognition and pollen germination. Conclusions Despite being functionally dioecious, we observed that functionally pistillate individuals produced fruits with a large number of aborted seeds. This implies that not only does this species have low reproductive success, but its small population sizes may lead to low genetic diversity.

Automated summary

Our study found that C. wolfii is functionally dioecious, with differences in ovule and anther development between staminate and pistillate flowers. There are no genetic or developmental barriers in the earlier stages of pollen recognition and pollen germination. However, despite producing a large number of aborted seeds, this species has low reproductive success and small population sizes.