Real-world efficiency of lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an exploration for expanded indications

Background This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and prognostic factors of lenvatinib plus programmed death 1 (PD-1) blockades in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially for those with tumor occupation >= 50% volume of liver (TO >= 50%) or invasion in Vp4, who were excluded from the trial KEYNOTE-524. Methods We reviewed the clinical data of patients with unresectable HCC who received lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades. The Kaplan-Meier method was performed to compare the progression-free survival (PFS) and the overall survival (OS). Cox proportional hazards model was adopted to identify independent prognostic factors. Results The median PFS and OS of the enrolled 84 HCC patients (31 patients with TO >= 50% and 30 patients with Vp4 invasion) were 6.6 and 11.4 months respectively. TO >= 50% had significantly negative impact on the objective response rates (ORR) (p = 0.015). HCC patients with TO >= 50% had significantly worse PFS and OS than those with TO < 50% (both p value < 0.001). Conversely, invasion in Vp4 did not significantly affect the ORR, PFS or OS for HCC patients receiving lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades (p = 0.419, 0.528 and 0.855). After multivariate analyses, TO >= 50% was the independent predictor for PFS and OS (both p value < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between any kind of AEs and TO >= 50% or invasion in Vp4. Conclusion Lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades can provide survival benefits for HCC patients with invasion in Vp4 and the indications of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab may be further expanded. Locoregional treatments should be considered for patients with TO >= 50% during systemic therapy.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the efficacy and prognostic factors of lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumor occupation >= 50% volume of liver (TO >= 50%) had a negative impact on treatment response, while invasion in Vp4 did not significantly affect the treatment outcomes. Lenvatinib plus PD-1 blockades can improve the survival of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.