Journal
ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES
Volume 53, Issue 1, Pages 70-79Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2016.1164697
Keywords
botanical extraction; cypermethrin; natural plant extract formulation; pesticide; stable carbon isotope ratio
Funding
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan [20200023, 24681034, 15H02980]
- Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant, H25-Research on Food Safety, the Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare, Japan
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [24681034, 15H02980, 20200023] Funding Source: KAKEN
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Some natural plant extract formulations (NPEFs, also referred to as essential oils) used in organic farming have been shown to contain synthetic pesticides. We obtained samples of four NPEFs (Muso, Hekiro, Kensogen-Ten, and Nurse Green) that were contaminated with the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin, and we used gas chromatography coupled with combustion, cryofocusing, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the stable carbon isotope ratios (C-13) for the cypermethrin in the four NPEF samples, as well as in ten cypermethrin reagents and two commercial pesticide formulations (Agrothrin emulsion and Agrothrin water-dispersible powder). Our goal was to identify the source of the cypermethrin in the NPEFs. Cryofocusing markedly sharpened the cypermethrin peak and thus improved the accuracy and precision of the determined C-13 values. The C-13 values (+/- SD) of the 16 cypermethrin samples ranged from -28.3 +/- 0.2 to -24.5 +/- 0.2 parts per thousand. Surprisingly, the four NPEFs showed similar C-13 values (-26.8 to -27.3 parts per thousand), suggesting that the cypermethrin in all the samples came from the same source (either the same chemical reaction or the same primary material). This possibility was supported by previously published results. In addition, the C-13 values of the two commercial pesticides were similar to the values for the NPEFs, suggesting that the commercial pesticides had been diluted and sold as NPEFs.
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