Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 930, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- Academia Sinica
- Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721]
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058]
- Fondecyt [1221421]
- Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands
- NL astronomy research network NOVA
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- China Scholarship Council
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship [2020M671266]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356]
- Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR-1769]
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112]
- Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113]
- Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO) [2021.013]
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association
- European Research Council (ERC) [610058]
- European Union [730562, 101018682]
- Generalitat Valenciana [APOSTD/2018/177]
- GenT Program [CIDEGENT/2018/021]
- MICINN [PID2019-108995GB-C22]
- European Research Council [884631]
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne
- DFG [FR 4069/2-1]
- Simons Foundation
- Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG)
- Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG
- CAS
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007]
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M-001-010MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 1062112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041]
- The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [107-2119-M-110-005, 1072923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 1102923-M-001-001]
- Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K0645]
- NASA Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A, NAS5-26555]
- National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700]
- NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST1903847]
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
- National Research Foundation of Korea (Global PhD Fellowship Grant) [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752]
- National Research Foundation of Korea (Korea Research Fellowship Program) [NRF-2015H1D3A1066561]
- National Research Foundation of Korea (Brain Pool Program) [2019H1D3A1A01102564]
- National Research Foundation of Korea (Basic Research Support Grant) [2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255]
- Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships
- Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development)
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science)
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21]
- University of Pretoria
- Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch [JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013]
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV-20170709]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) [77948]
- Toray Science Foundation
- Swedish Research Council (VR)
- US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001]
- YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC0500OR22725]
- Smithsonian Institution
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France)
- MPG (Max-PlanckGesellschaft, Germany)
- IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain)
- State of Arizona
- NSF
- National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253]
- Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
- NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]
- CyVerse
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- Compute Ontario
- Calcul Quebec
- Compute Canada
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509]
- The National Science Foundation (NSF) [OPP-1248097, AST1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306]
- Chandra [DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X]
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn
- Allegro
- University of Amsterdam
- Leiden University
- Radboud University
- European Research Council (ERC) [101018682] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2021R1A6A3A01086420] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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This study presents the first observations of Sagittarius A* using the Event Horizon Telescope. The data supports the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, with an image that is consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole. The results also connect dynamical measurements of stellar orbits to event-horizon-scale images.
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of lambda = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass similar to 4 x 10(6) M (circle dot), which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50 degrees), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 10(3)-10(5) gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.
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