Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 930, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- Academia Sinica
- Academyof Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721]
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058]
- Fondecyt [1221421]
- Alexandervon Humboldt Stiftung
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- Allegro, European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands
- NL astronomy research network NOVA
- University of Amsterdam
- Leiden University
- Radboud University
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Chandra [DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X]
- China Scholarship Council
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship [2020M671266]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356]
- Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR1769]
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112]
- Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute
- Direccion Generalde Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113]
- Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO Grant) [2021.013]
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Center for Astronomical Mega-Science
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes [610058]
- European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement RadioNet [730562]
- European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement M2FINDERS [101018682]
- Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant [APOSTD/2018/177]
- Generalitat Valenciana GenT Program [CIDEGENT/2018/021]
- MICINN Research Project [PID2019-108995GBC22]
- European Research Council [884631]
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne
- DFG research grant Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond [FR 4069/21]
- Simons Foundation
- Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBSLY-SLH011]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG)
- Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG
- CAS
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007]
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M-001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025MY3, 106-2119-M-001-027, 106-2923-M-001005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 107-2923-M-001-009, 1082112-M-001-048]
- The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001-005, 105-2119-M-001-042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 1062119-M-001-013, 109-2923M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110-2112-M-001033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 110-2923-M-001-001]
- Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K0645]
- NASA Hubble Fellowship grant - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A]
- NASA [NAS5-26555]
- National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704]
- The National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306]
- NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
- National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, 2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255]
- Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships
- Swedish Research Council
- Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science)
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21]
- University of Pretoria
- Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch [JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013]
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV-2017-0709]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) [77948]
- Toray Science Foundation
- Swedish Research Council (VR)
- US Departmentof Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory
- National Nuclear Security Administrationof the USDOE
- YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China
- Smithsonian Institution
- A National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFA0402700]
- A Natural Science Foundation of China [11873028]
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France)
- MPG (Max-PlanckGesellschaft, Germany)
- IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain)
- State of Arizona
- National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253]
- Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
- NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]
- Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships allocation [AST20023]
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- Compute Ontario
- CalculQuebec
- ComputeCanada
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2022R1C1C1005255, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2019H1D3A1A01102564] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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This study utilized Event Horizon Telescope to measure the 1.3 mm radio source of Sgr A*, revealing that emission at horizon scales mainly comes from intrinsic structural variations, and conducted multiwavelength monitoring in different bands; by comparing historical data, it was found that the emission behavior of this black hole remains consistent.
We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5-11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of similar to 50 mu as, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*'s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.
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