Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 930, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721]
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058, Fondecyt 1221421]
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Chandra [DD718089X, TM6-17006X]
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2020M671266]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356]
- Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR-1769]
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112]
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]
- Dutch National Supercomputer, Snellius (NWO Grant) [2021.013]
- Dutch National Supercomputer, Cartesius (NWO Grant) [2021.013]
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association of the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association of the Center for Astronomical MegaScience, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes [610058]
- European Union [730562, 101018682]
- Generalitat Valenciana [APOSTD/2018/177]
- GenT Program [CIDEGENT/ 2018/021]
- MICINN [PID2019-108995GB-C22]
- European Research Council [884631]
- DFG [FR 4069/2-1]
- Simons Foundation
- Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007]
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M001-010-MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001042, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M001-027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119M-001-020]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant) [80NSSC20K1567]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant) [80NSSC20K0527]
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, NASA NuSTAR award) [80NSSC20K0645]
- NASA Hubble Fellowship grant - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A]
- NASA [NAS5-26555]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, 2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255]
- Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships
- Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]
- Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21]
- University of Pretoria
- Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch [JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013]
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV-20170709]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa [77948]
- National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE [89233218CNA000001]
- YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]
- Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China
- Smithsonian Institution
- Academia Sinica
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11873028]
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- State of Arizona
- NSF
- National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253]
- Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
- NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- Compute Ontario
- Calcul Quebec
- Compute Canada
- The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124-M-001005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007-MY2, 110- 2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 110-2923-M-001001]
- 'Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan' [107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 1072923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001-051, 108-2923-M-001-002]
- The National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306]
- [OCENW.KLEIN.113]
- European Research Council (ERC) [101018682] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255, 2019H1D3A1A01102564] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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This article presents the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in April 2017. Different imaging methods and scattering effect corrections were used to reconstruct the static images of Sgr A*. The analysis shows that the Sgr A* image is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a diameter of about 50 microarcseconds, consistent with the expected shadow of a 4 x 10^6 solar mass black hole in the Galactic center at a distance of 8 kiloparsecs.
We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a variability noise budget in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of similar to 50 mu as, consistent with the expected shadow of a 4 x 10(6) M (circle dot) black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.
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