Journal
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS
Volume 930, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ac6672
Keywords
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Categories
Funding
- Academia Sinica
- Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721]
- Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058]
- Fondecyt [1221421]
- Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship
- ALMA North America Development Fund
- Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- China Scholarship Council
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship [2020M671266]
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356]
- Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR-1769]
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112]
- Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute
- Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award [639.043.513]
- European Research Council (ERC) [610058]
- European Union [730562, 101018682]
- Generalitat Valenciana [APOSTD/2018/177, CIDEGENT/2018/021]
- MICINN [PID2019-108995GB-C22]
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV
- DFG research grant Jet physics on horizon scales and beyond [FR 4069/2-1]
- Simons Foundation
- Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109]
- Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829]
- Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan
- Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011]
- Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship
- Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG)
- Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG
- MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007]
- Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6]
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds
- Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K0645]
- NASA Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A, NAS5-26555]
- National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST1310896, AST-1440254]
- NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST1903847]
- Natural Science Foundation of China [11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223]
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China
- National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, NRF-2015H1D3A1066561, 2019H1D3A1A01102564, 2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255]
- Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development
- Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science
- Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21]
- Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch [JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013]
- State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award [SEV2017-0709]
- Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409]
- South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) [77948]
- Toray Science Foundation
- Swedish Research Council (VR)
- US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laborator [89233218CNA000001]
- YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC0500OR22725]
- Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance in China
- Smithsonian Institution
- Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK)
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France)
- MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany)
- IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain)
- NSF
- National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253]
- Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago
- NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442]
- Frontera computing project at the Texas Advanced Computing Center through the Frontera Large-Scale Community Partnerships [AST20023]
- National Science Foundation
- U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
- Compute Ontario
- Calcul Quebec
- Compute Canada
- Allegro
- University of Amsterdam
- Leiden University
- Radboud University
- Chandra [DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X]
- Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [OCENW.KLEIN.11]
- Dutch National Supercomputer, Cartesius (NWO) [2021.013]
- Dutch National Supercomputer, Snellius (NWO) [2021.013]
- East Asia Core Observatories Association
- European Research Council [884631]
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn
- International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan
- National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan
- Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships
- Swedish Research Council [2017-00648]
- SuperMicro (USA)
- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M-001-010MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 1062112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041, 107-2119-M-110-005, 1072923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048]
- The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [108-2112-M-001051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 1102923-M-001-001]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2022R1C1C1005255, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2019H1D3A1A01102564] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- European Research Council (ERC) [101018682] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
Ask authors/readers for more resources
This paper provides a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's observations of Sgr A*. By comparing different observations and models, the study identifies promising models while also highlighting their limitations and discussing possible improvements.
In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 mu m, and in the X-ray. All models fail at least one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i <= 30 degrees. They have accretion rate (5.2-9.5) x 10(-9) M (circle dot) yr(-1), bolometric luminosity (6.8-9.2) x 10(35) erg s(-1), and outflow power (1.3-4.8) x 10(38) erg s(-1). We also find that all models with i >= 70 degrees fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 mu m flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.
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