Discovery of a thin lithium plateau among metal-poor red giant branch stars

The surface lithium abundance, A(Li), of warm metal-poor dwarf stars exhibits a narrow plateau down to [Fe/H] similar to -2.8 dex, while at lower metallicities the average value drops by 0.3 dex with a significant star-by-star scatter (called 'lithium meltdown'). This behaviour is in conflict with predictions of standard stellar evolution models calculated with the initial A(Li) provided by the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The lower red giant branch (LRGB) stars provide a complementary tool to understand the initial A(Li) distribution in metal-poor stars. We have collected a sample of high-resolution spectra of 58 LRGB stars spanning a range of [Fe/H] between similar to-7.0 dex and similar to-1.3 dex. The LRGB stars display an A(Li) distribution that is clearly different from that of the dwarfs, without signatures of a meltdown and with two distinct components: (a) a thin A(Li) plateau with an average A(Li) = 1.09 +/- 0.01 dex (sigma = 0.07 dex) and (b) a small fraction of Li-poor stars with A(Li) lower than similar to 0.7 dex. The A(Li) distribution observed in LRGB stars can be reconciled with an initial abundance close to the cosmological value by including an additional chemical element transport in stellar evolution models. The required efficiency of this transport allows us to also match the Spite plateau lithium abundance measured in the dwarfs. The emerging scenario is that all metal-poor stars formed with the same initial A(Li), but those that are likely the product of coalescence or that experienced binary mass transfer show lower A(Li). We conclude that the A(Li) in LRGB stars is qualitatively compatible with the cosmological A(Li) value and that the meltdown observed in dwarf stars does not reflect a real drop in the abundance at birth.

Automated summary

The surface lithium abundance of warm metal-poor dwarf stars shows different distributions at different metallicities, contradicting predictions of standard stellar evolution models. The lithium distribution of lower red giant branch stars is distinct from that of dwarf stars, with a flat abundance plateau and a lithium-poor component. This can be explained by including additional chemical element transport in stellar evolution models, leading to an initial abundance close to the cosmological value.