Journal
ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY
Volume 33, Issue 7, Pages 693-701Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.276
Keywords
pancreatic cancer; age; risk factor; lifestyle modification; polygenic risk score
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States [UM1 CA186107, P01 CA87969]
- NIH [U01 CA167552, K07 CA222159, U01 CA210171, P50 CA127003]
- Lustgarten Foundation, United States
- Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, United States, NIH
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory
- National Cancer Institute, NIH [75N910D00024]
- Broman Family Fund
- Hale Family Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research
- Lustgarten Foundation Dedicated Laboratory program
- Stand Up To Cancer
- Pancreatic Cancer Action Network
- Noble Effort Fund
- Wexler Family Fund
- Promises for Purple
- Bob Parsons Fund
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Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer are more strongly associated with earlier-onset cases, emphasizing the importance of age at initiation for prevention and control programs.
Background: Pancreatic cancer presents as advanced disease in >80% of patients; yet, appropriate ages to consider prevention and early detection strategies are poorly defined. We investigated age-specific associations and attributable risks of pancreatic cancer for established modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Patients and methods: We included 167 483 participants from two prospective US cohort studies with 1190 incident cases of pancreatic cancer during >30 years of follow-up; 5107 pancreatic cancer cases and 8845 control participants of European ancestry from a completed multicenter genome-wide association study (GWAS); and 248 893 pancreatic cancer cases documented in the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Across different age categories, we investigated cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes, height, and non-O blood group in the prospective cohorts; weighted polygenic risk score of 22 previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GWAS; and male sex and black race in the SEER Program. Results: In the prospective cohorts, all five risk factors were more strongly associated with pancreatic cancer risk among younger participants, with associations attenuated among those aged> 70 years. The hazard ratios comparing participants with three to five risk factors with those with no risk factors were 9.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.11-20.77] among those aged <= 60 years, 3.00 (95% CI 1.85-4.86) among those aged 61-70 years, and 1.46 (95% CI 1.10-1.94) among those aged >70 years (P-heterogeneity = 3x10(-5)). These factors together were related to 65.6%, 49.7%, and 17.2% of incident pancreatic cancers in these age groups, respectively. In the GWAS and the SEER Program, the associations with the polygenic risk score, male sex, and black race were all stronger among younger individuals (P-heterogeneity <= 0.01). Conclusions: Established risk factors are more strongly associated with earlier-onset pancreatic cancer, emphasizing the importance of age at initiation for cancer prevention and control programs targeting this highly lethal malignancy.
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