Dimensional and morphologic characteristics of unilateral impacted maxillary central incisors

Introduction: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the crown and root characteristics of impacted central incisors compared with spontaneously erupted contralateral incisors and the influence of etiologic and local factors on their dimensions. Methods: Forty-five patients (22 boys, 23 girls) who underwent orthodontic treatment for unilateral impaction of maxillary central incisors were referred for cone-beam imaging. Dimensions of the impacted and contralateral incisors were assessed using Dolphin 3D software (Dolphin Imaging & Management Solutions, Chatsworth, Calif). Paired t test and linear regression were used to compare the characteristics of the impacted and contralateral teeth. Results: Contralateral and impacted central incisors showed statistically significant differences for root length (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.32-3.46; P <0.001), mesiodistal crown-root angulation (95% CI, 4.09-15.95; P = 0.001), and labiolingual crown-root angulation (95% CI, -18.69 to -4.70; P = 0.002). Etiologic factors did not alter the dimensions of incisors (95% CI, -1.17 to 0.76; P = 0.672). According to the multiple linear regression the independent variables associated with root length of contralateral and impacted incisors were sex (beta = -0.904; 95% CI, -1.62 to - 0.19; P = 0.014) and the presence of impaction (beta = -2.87; 95% CI, -3.67 to -2.07; P <0.001). Conclusions: Regardless of their etiology, the impacted incisors showed roots that were 2.89 mm shorter than the contralateral incisors and had greater angulation in the mesiodistal and labiolingual directions. Girls showed a reduction of 0.904 mm (7.6%) on the lengths of roots of both impacted and contralateral central incisors. The presence of impaction led to a reduction of 25% in incisor root lengths. Approximately 30% of the impacted teeth showed crown-root angulations >20 degrees resulting in an increased distal and labial angulation of the root apical portion.

Automated summary

This study investigated the crown and root characteristics of impacted central incisors compared with spontaneously erupted contralateral incisors. The results showed significant differences in root length and crown-root angulation between the two groups. Etiologic factors did not influence the dimensions of the incisors. The impacted incisors had shorter roots and greater angulation in the mesiodistal and labiolingual directions. Girls had shorter root lengths in both impacted and contralateral incisors.