Fascicular elastin within tendon contributes to the magnitude and modulus gradient of the elastic stress response across tendon type and species

Elastin, the main component of elastic fibers, has been demonstrated to significantly influence tendon mechanics using both elastin degradation studies and elastinopathic mouse models. However, it remains unclear how prior results differ between species and functionally distinct tendons and, in particular, how results translate to human tendon. Differences in function between fascicular and interfascicular elastin are also yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, this study evaluated the quantity, structure, and mechani-cal contribution of elastin in functionally distinct tendons across species. Tendons with an energy-storing function had slightly more elastin content than tendons with a positional function, and human tendon had at least twice the elastin content of other species. While distinctions in the organization of elas-tic fibers between fascicles and the interfascicular matrix were observed, differences in structural ar-rangement of the elastin network between species and tendon type were limited. Mechanical testing paired with enzyme-induced elastin degradation was used to evaluate the contribution of elastin to ten-don mechanics. Across all tendons, elastin degradation affected the elastic stress response by decreasing stress values while increasing the modulus gradient of the stress-strain curve. Only the contributions of elastin to viscoelastic properties varied between tendon type and species, with human tendon and energy-storing tendon being more affected. These data suggest that fascicular elastic fibers contribute to the tensile mechanical response of tendon, likely by regulating collagen engagement under load. Results add to prior findings and provide evidence for a more mechanistic understanding of the role of elastic fibers in tendon.Statement of significance Elastin has previously been shown to influence the mechanical properties of tendon, and degraded or abnormal elastin networks caused by aging or disease may contribute to pain and an increased risk of injury. However, prior work has not fully determined how elastin contributes differently to tendons with varying functional demands, as well as within distinct regions of tendon. This study determined the effects of elastin degradation on the tensile elastic and viscoelastic responses of tendons with varying functional demands, hierarchical structures, and elastin content. Moreover, volumetric imaging and pro-tein quantification were used to thoroughly characterize the elastin network in each distinct tendon. The results presented herein can inform tendon-specific strategies to maintain or restore native properties in elastin-degraded tissue.(c) 2022 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Automated summary

This study evaluated the quantity, structure, and mechanical contribution of elastin in functionally distinct tendons across species. Tendons with an energy-storing function had more elastin content than tendons with a positional function, and human tendon had at least twice the elastin content of other species. The mechanical effects of elastin degradation varied between tendon type and species, with human tendon and energy-storing tendon being more affected.