Journal
ACS NANO
Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 3704-3714Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07094
Keywords
G-FET; opioid metabolites; wastewater; multianalyte; aptamers; LOD
Categories
Funding
- Office of Naval Research [N00014-20-1-2308]
- National Science Foundation [DMR-2003343]
- National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) through SBIR Phase I grant [1R43DA051105-01]
- National Institutes of Health [U01-AI124302]
- National Science Foundation (NSF) [1945364]
- Division Of Chemistry
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1945364] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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By monitoring opioid metabolites in wastewater, wastewater-based epidemiology can provide real-time information on the consumption of illicit drugs. Researchers have developed an aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor platform that offers a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method for quantitative analysis of opioid metabolites in wastewater.
By monitoring opioid metabolites, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be an excellent tool for real-time information on the consumption of illicit drugs. A key limitation of WBE is the reliance on costly laboratory-based techniques that require substantial infrastructure and trained personnel, resulting in long turnaround times. Here, we present an aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor (AptG-FET) platform for simultaneous detection of three different opioid metabolites. This platform provides a reliable, rapid, and inexpensive method for quantitative analysis of opioid metabolites in wastewater. The platform delivers a limit of detection 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than previous reports, but in line with the concentration range (pg/mL to ng/mL) of these opioid metabolites present in real samples. To enable multianalyte detection, we developed a facile, reproducible, and high-yield fabrication process producing 20 G-FETs with integrated side gate platinum (Pt) electrodes on a single chip. Our devices achieved the selective multianalyte detection of three different metabolites: noroxycodone (NX), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and norfentanyl (NF) in wastewater diluted 20X in buffer.
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