Journal
ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 13, Issue 8, Pages 1119-1128Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00811
Keywords
Estrogen; G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER/GPR30); agonist; antagonist neurodevelopment; neurite outgrowth; hippocampus; calcium signaling; embryonic primary culture
Funding
- Saint Louis University
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This study identified 10 novel compounds with neuroprotective effects, among which one called CIFTA significantly promoted axonal and dendritic growth in neurons. Results from treating E18 hippocampal neurons showed that neurite outgrowth in response to G-1 and CIFTA originated from GPER activation.
Numerous studies have reported neuroprotective and procognitive effects of estrogens. The estrogen 17 beta-estradiol (E2) activates both the classical nuclear estrogen receptors ERa and ER beta as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). The differential effects of targeting the classical estrogen receptors over GPER are not well-understood. A limited number of selective GPER compounds have been described. In this study, 10 novel compounds were synthesized and exhibited half-maximal effective concentration values greater than the known GPER agonist G-1 in calcium mobilization assays performed in nonadherent HL-60 cells. Of these compounds, 2-cyclohexyl-4-isopropyl-N-((5-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran2-yl)furan-2-yl)methyl)aniline, referred to as CITFA, significantly increased axonal and dendritic growth in neurons extracted from embryonic day 18 (E18) fetal rat hippocampal neurons. Confirmation of the results was performed by treating E18 hippocampal neurons with known GPER-selective antagonist G-36 and challenging with either E2, G-1, or CITFA. Results from these studies revealed an indistinguishable difference in neurite outgrowth between the treatment and control groups, exhibiting that neurite outgrowth in response to G-1 and CITFA originates from GPER activation and can be abolished with pretreatment of an antagonist. Subsequent docking studies using a homology model of GPER showed unique docking poses between G-1 and CIFTA. While docking poses differed between the ligands, CIFTA exhibited more favorable distance, bond angle, and strain for hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions.
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