Journal
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
Volume 14, Issue 15, Pages 17454-17460Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01980
Keywords
lithium-metal batteries; anode-free cells; Li-Ag alloy; lithium-metal stabilization; current collector modification
Funding
- Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy through the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) Program (Battery500 Consortium) [DE-EE0007762]
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In this study, micro-sized Ag particles were precipitated on the Cu current collector through Ag/Cu ion exchange, enhancing the reversibility of lithium during alloying process. The modification lowered the nucleation potential of lithium and increased the average Coulombic efficiency, thereby reducing the capacity fade of Cu parallel to LiFePO4.
Lithium-metal batteries with zero excess lithium on the anode side paired with a fully lithiated cathode are regarded as a form of the highest energy-density configuration. Unfortunately, the continuous lithium loss over cycling from a limited amount of the lithium reservoir significantly degrades the overall cell performance in the anode-free system. To mitigate the deterioration, modifying the current collector for enhanced lithium cycling is an indispensable route. Here, we apply a Ag/Cu ion exchange to precipitate micro-sized Ag particles on the Cu current collector to enhance the lithium reversibility via a (de)alloying process. We show a smoother morphology of lithium upon alloying, which leads to a lowered nucleation potential as well as increased average Coulombic efficiency in Li parallel to Cu cells regardless of electrolyte formulation. The preferred lithium adsorption on Ag and AgLi over Cu is demonstrated using density functional theory calculations, which supports that Li forms a gamma-phase alloy in the last stage rather than being deposited beneath the alloy. Lastly, this simple Cu foil modification enhances lithium reversibility and reduces its nucleation barrier, thus mitigating the capacity fade of Cu parallel to LiFePO4 with reduced polarization.
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